Test library › Shoulder & upper arm
Apprehension test
For: Anterior instability
The ball of the shoulder slips forwards out of its socket, fully (dislocation) or partly (subluxation), usually after an earlier injury. The patient feels the shoulder is about to come out.
Best used to rule inPositive likelihood ratio as published by the study authors, so it differs from the ratio of the rounded sensitivity and specificity.
What the numbers mean
- Positive result: a strong rule-in: a positive result makes the diagnosis much more likely.
- Negative result: a small shift: a negative result nudges the diagnosis down, but does not exclude it.
Source
Farber AJ, Castillo R, Clough M, Bahk M, McFarland EG. Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(7):1467–1474. PubMed · single study
Figures as they will appear in Rule It In, Rule It Out (Trokos, forthcoming). If a newer or better study changes them, this page changes with the book. Figures last updated from the book on 2 October 2026.
Get the book for the shoulder questions that matter: neck or shoulder, a painful cuff or a torn one, and an unstable joint or the labrum
This page gives the published figures. Rule It In, Rule It Out adds how to do this test, what counts as positive, how to read the result, and, where studied, whether combining it with other tests helps.
Coming in late 2026 as a PDF and a paperback. Join the list to hear when it's out
One study, one test, once a month
Rule It In is a free evidence letter for musculoskeletal clinicians: one recent study explained, one examination test with its real numbers. From Trokos, publisher of Rule It In, Rule It Out.